The Movement of Workers from China to India

Abstract The present globalization has a range of structural effects. This is not only in developed economies, but also in the developing economies such as India and China. While China’s economy is driven by the manufacturing sector, India’s economy thrives because of the swift expansion of its services sector. The growth factor for India’s blueprint economic development is that it is geared towards long-term expansion.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on The Movement of Workers from China to India specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Nevertheless, the effects of globalization on labor force are reported in India, China and globally. In this context, both skilled and unskilled personnel form the key pillars for sustainability and rapid economic growth for these two countries. However, the development of labor force and labor regulations between these two countries differs. Whereas China labor force majorly concentrates on skilled manufacturing, India’s labor force is skilled in services sector. This gives India a proportional advantage over China because the current world economy is geared towards services sector. Introduction In last few decades, India and China have gained impressive status because of their respective sustained and rapid economic development and growth. Since nineteen eighty, the country of China has prospered beyond its usual development rates. While the economic growth rate of India can hardly match that of China, India is still amongst the rapidly growing world economies. Such exceptional economic achievements could be attributed to the fact that these nations were integrated into the universal economy. The impacts of integration principally on employment and economic growth have emerged as an essential academic investigation area. A review of study literature shows that when these nations were integrated into the worldwide economy, their economic growth rates were significantly affected. The most prominent effect was the transfer of world labor force from China to India. This literature review problem necessitates that the researcher conducts a comparative and empirical analysis about the movement of workers from China to India. Objectives The general study objective is to investigate factors that make the world labor force move from China to India. Under the general objective, the following parameters will be looked into:Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More To investigate the differences and impacts of universal integration on the growth rates of these economies To establish the structural composition of the Chinese and Indian sectors To investigate the Chinese and India labor force distribution by sector To investigate the employment distribution by type in India and China Research Questions At the conclusion of thi s study, the obtained outcomes should give reasons why world labor force transfers from China to India. Thus, research report will respond to the following questions. What are differences and impacts of universal integration on the growth rates of these economies? What are the structural compositions of the Chinese and Indian sectors? What are the Chinese and India labor force distribution by sector? What are the employment distribution by type in India and China? Literature review The spectacular growths in the economy of these two countries in the last two decades have been attributed to the magnificent labor force. India in particular has developed an efficient and effective services sector especially in the information and communication technology. India’s economy is largely driven by the services sector hence the need for skilled labor force (Ahluwalia 2002, p.76). The change of policy towards the attainment of higher education and the adoption of modern technology h as increased India’s comparative advantage in the production of high tech products as compared with China (Mahtaney, 2007). The increased skilled work force coupled with low wages make India attractive in terms of labor cost in comparison to China, Mexico as well as other fast growing developing economies. In essence, majority of engineering and technology firms outsourced their operations in low cost countries such as India in order to reduce their operation costs (Freeman 2006, p.131). The increase of these offshore firms in India enabled skilled-high tech workers in China to migrate to India to fill the gap. The economics behind this movement of workers is that developed countries with comparative advantage in the technology sector stand to suffer economic losses when countries like India compete successfully in that sector (Samuelson 2004, p.140). Products from these new competing countries have the capability of reducing the prices of products in the world market due to low wages. As such, workers in developed countries have to move in those countries where chances of being productive are high, and there is less competition in employment (Samuelson 2004, p.140). Another factor that has led to the movement of labor force from China to India is that India has become the best candidate of the global-multinational firm’s sourcing for workers (Panagriya, 2008). Multinationals relocate their facilities including high-tech research RD as well as other operations to India where production is efficient and at low cost.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on The Movement of Workers from China to India specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More A large pool of offshore transfer of call centers and computer programming from developed countries to low-wage countries such as India is a natural-economic response to the low cost production (Panagriya, 2008). The combination of low cost production, skil led workforce and low wages make India a formidable competitor in the labor market. Thus, as these large industries move to India, workers also tend to move along with them especially highly skilled workforce from countries like China (Kozul-Wright Rayment, 2007). Another factor is the integration of these countries economy into the world economy that has enabled free movement of labor between these to countries. In this context, integration refers to the openness and liberalization of the economy within the market-driven globalization (Kozul-Wright Rayment 2007, p.29). Within the context of China and India, integration is taking place within the existing globalization which, comprises of the domestic-labor-market flexibility, capital movements and free trade. From the explanation, globalization facilitates the achievement of integration of these two countries (Mahtaney 2007, p.197). The integration between these two countries and also in the global economy facilitates the free mo vement of labor. Ghose (2008, p.49) argues that, the incorporation into the world economy generates essential incentives for structural changes in the formal sector of the economy and identifies the role of foreign labor force. The incentive to boost exports brings proportional benefits to the labor intensive industries and encourages competition from imports. Thus, it generates pressure for technical enhancement within import substitution industries. Further, liberated trade furthered by the labor force transfer has a vitalizing impact on emerging nation’s productivity expansion. This occurs through improved work efficiency as well as promoting specialty, financing practical step up and backing up large scale production (Ghose 2004, p.5110). Consequently, the escalation of job opportunities within the formal segment takes place when labor demanding factories have prolonged growth rates than the factories that are capital demanding.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More According to Ghose et al. (2008 p.47) the employment effects of foreign capital and growth of trade are largely found within the formal sector. The reason is that most of the goods and services being traded are produced within this sector. In the unofficial segment, neither business operations growth nor investment inflow has consequences on the country’s employment yield. This is because goods and services are produced for domestic consumption. In addition, the unofficial segment hardly collects any overseas resource inflows. Ghose (2004, p.5115) argues that, at the global level, highly developed countries have a greater amount of skillful workforce. As such, they have a prospective proportional advantage in the production of skill-intensive manufactured products. In the contrary, emerging nations have a comparative gain in the creation of unqualified and physically produced commodities. As a result, developing countries benefit more from the unskilled labor force. The effec t on employment largely depends on the labor market regulations as well as the enforcement institutions (Kozul-Wright Rayment 2007, p.54). Under circumstances that alterations in wages cannot be realized, the whole work schemes fails. However, these predictions are founded on significant suppositions that might not match up with realities. Prior to the fiscal 1978 financial transformations, China had no redundancy setbacks given that workforces were assured of getting jobs via express occupation allotment. In addition, employment in China was characterized by restrictive movement from rural to urban areas tight control of wages by the administration (Ghose 2008, pp.48). The state authority over employment prevented the emergence of open employment. However, the policy resulted in the amassing of the excess labor within the units of production in both the rural and urban areas. As the integration in the global economies continues, tough labor regulations were gradually dismantled le ading to contracted tenure of minimum wage laws, rural urban migration and the privatization of medium sized public enterprises (Ghose 2008, pp.49). The privatization of public enterprises led to the retrenchment of most public personnel. It was also believed that surfacing of private enterprises will lead to the creation of greater flexibility in the labor market. Contrary to this belief, China still does not have free labor market. On the other hand, India had free labor market immediately after the economic reforms initiated in the 1980’s. Nevertheless, the free labor-market has not achieved its full potential due to some regulations that have effectively changed the labor from changeable to invariable factor of production (Ahluwalia 2002, p.73). However, India has in the recent past transformed its labor force according to the liberalized policies more than China has done leading to more workers living China to work in India where the state has no control over workers. Re search Methodology and Study Design Research Procedure In order to investigate the reasons why the world labor force transfers from China to India, this research study was a quantitative research. The research data were gathered across the study population through sampling strategy. A research technique dubbed as survey method was drawn on while descriptive statistics were applied to help analyze the obtained data. These research methods ensure that any unanticipated research hypothesis could be suggested and formulated. The study was also rather quick and somewhat cheap. These research methods are amongst the best given that they rarely stand a chance of disqualifying any notable alternative explanations. This is because they surmise to the event causation. To illustrate the reasons why the world labor force transfers from China to India as they seem to exist when this study is conducted, the suggested descriptive statistics accrued from the observations made. In order to present s ignificant research findings and appropriate conclusions, this investigative study on the reasons why the world labor force transfers from China to India used secondary data source. The secondary research data and information accrued from relevant and current media articles, industrial reports, journals and books. A review of these academic materials was done to obtain secondary information. Population and Sampling strategy In this study, all labor force transfers from China to India, employment records, GDP and sectoral composition were deemed viable when carrying out the research. However, the population target was the selected nine sources including relevant and current media articles, industrial reports, journals and books. Data Collection Data containing relevant research information for this study were acquired from secondary sources. In fact, as a field survey, information and data offering the reasons why the world labor force moves from China to India were gathered through observation and reviewing. The secondary research data were acquired from relevant and current media articles, industrial reports, journals and books containing the research information. Planned Method of Data Analysis The collected research information was analyzed qualitatively and quantitatively. Data collected through secondary sources was analyzed by means of content analysis and logical analysis techniques. Quantitative data analysis techniques including percentages and tables were also used to make sure that quantitative data analysis is comprehensible. The method will be applied for each group of items observed that corresponds to the formulated research question and objectives. Analysis of data and study outcomes According to Mahtaney (2007) claims, India and China have realized elevated growth and development in their financial and economic systems for years. The GDP growth rates for India and China from the fiscal 1980 to 1990 averaged at 5.70% and 10.30% annually. Accord ing to Panagriya (2008), the average economic growth rates increased during the fiscal 2005 to 2007 whereby India recorded a GDP growth of 9.60% while China had 10.30%. Whereas the GDP growth rate for India was below that recorded by China, India has a remarkable economic growth rate. India and China are the only global nations that have sustained their rapid economic growths from 1980s despite the setbacks posed by irregular fluctuations. Both India and China have impressive economics performances. These are attributed largely to their marketplace oriented reforms intended to integrate these economies into the universal economy. Unlike other developing nations, these states have passed gradually through the liberation and openness paths (Ahluwalia 2002, p.67). Thus, the level of India’s economic growth rate compared with that of China could be one of the reasons that cause the world labor force to transfer from China to India. Besides, the transfer could be explored from the broader integration framework process that is documented in the study literature. In 1978, the shift of China to marketplace nation from the renowned premeditated country instigated by establishing extensive economic streamlining. The artistic uprising was detested in China. This country also realized greater setbacks within its planned economy. On the contrary, the East African States had market oriented economies that inspired success. Ghose (2004) reported that China embraces corporatization, wider enterprise autonomy, contract system as well as the floatation of corporations’ equity both at international and domestic stock markets. Some of these features are not favoring labor force. China was controlled by marketed forces such as entrepreneurship and market driven prices which made its economy be permeated. The country only relaxed after it had joined the world trade organization in the fiscal 2001, and this freed China from the foreign trade controls. India in contrast initiated its systematic economic reforms which enabled the country to be a market economy rather than a socialist economy. The 1980s and 1991 reforms altered the basic formation of India’s economy as it eliminated certain quantitative controls. For instance, India allows for foreign direct investments increment resulting into the expansion of private segment as well as dismantling import controls and lowering custom duties. All these restructured the role of government in the economy of India and permitted foreign direct investment which in turn created additional employment opportunities. India and China have similar reforms although they pursued different growth strategies that attract global labor transfer. India has vast resources, but a majority of its labor force is incompetent and illiterate. Those who are supposed to work in various sectors lack expertise, thus allowing foreign labor force to apply and occupy the available job positions in China. Conversely, China h as well educated labor force who can occupy the vacant sectoral positions. From table one below; it is clear that the GDP sectoral compositions for these two countries are not quite different. Within the GDP composition, the agricultural share for India and China were 38.10% and 36.10% before reforms took place. The share drastically reduced in 1990s, but India was still better than China. The composition of agriculture in India’s GDP was 19.60% while China reported 11.40% in the fiscal 2005. The share of agriculture for these countries reduced with industrialization. The effects were rather different on service and industrial sectors. From research data, it is clear that the world labor force initially preferred China to India because China had initially been industrialized. The manufacturing sector contributed 33.60% of China’s GDP and its industries had increased steadily. In India, industries only contributed 20.9% of the total GDP. In fact, since 1980s, India has never reported any considerable industrial growth rate. The growth of India results from the service sector whereas that of China emerges from manufacturing. The service sector of India has grown twofold compared with that of China. Despite that fact, China exports more than what India exports, India is in the verge of increasing its export as the country is less reliant on imports as compared with China. Table two shows that the export share in India increased from 7.0% to 19.0%. China export share rose to 34.0% from 18.0% across the fiscal year of study. India’s growth prospect could be the reasons why world labor force has opted to move from China to India. Table two shows that India’s service export share is higher compared with that of China. The transfer of labor force from China to India is attributable to various factors ranging from lack of experienced expertise, increasing economic growth rate and the booming service, merchandize, manufacturing and agricultur al sectors of India. China is equipped with enough labor force. According to the spread of labor force of India and China by sector, the inter-sector transfers of labor are related to the equivalent output increase in these segments. The implication is that these problems do not pose a challenge to China as compared with India. The indication is that India goes against the pattern of growth since its economic growth is driven by services sectors (Ahluwalia 2002, p.76). The growth in India’s services sector is predominantly driven by information technology which, has greater value as far as employment is concerned (Ahluwalia 2002, p.76). The sector is currently absorbing workers in its sectoral labor force. However, due to its unique nature, IT sector only requires educated and skilled employees that constitute the minor proportion of the total labor force (Reserve Bank of India, 2008). The inter-sector transfer of labor is higher in India compared with that reported in China. The reason is the free labor transfer policies in India as compared with that of China (tables 3). The figures can also be attributed to the ease with which immigrant labor can easily be absorbed by sectors in India as compared with China (Reserve Bank of India, 2008). The prescribed employment segment has low aptitude due to intellect use up in China compared with India. A majority of skilled workers is migrating from India to China (Reserve Bank of India, 2008). The movement of skilled labor force was higher compared with low or medium skilled labor force (table 4 and 5). Conclusion According to empirical evidences, the increased integration of India and China’s economies into the global market has a range of effects. Nonetheless, the consequence of integration on human resources is relatively comparable. The difference is majorly seen in the overall economic output. It is also seen in the major drivers of the economy that determines the labor force each country has. China ’s labor force majorly comprises of manufacturing skilled workers while India’s labor force is majorly service oriented. The differences in the overall economic output, employment structures, and labor policies adopted by these countries have led to the movement of labor force. The Chinese labor migrates to India as a result of stringent state control of workers and the minimum wages adopted by the state. References Ahluwalia, MS 2002, â€Å"Economic reforms in India since 1991: has gradualism worked?† Journal of Economic Perspectives, vol.16, no. 3, pp.67-88. Freeman, RB 2006, â€Å"Does globalization of the scientific/engineering workforce threaten US economic leadership?† Innovation Policy and the Economy, vol.39 no.6, pp.123–158. Ghose, AK 2004, â€Å"The employment challenge in India†, Economic and Political Weekly, vol. 39, no. 48, pp.5106-5116 Ghose, AK 2008, â€Å"The growth miracle, institutional reforms and employment in Chinaâ₠¬ , Economic and Political Weekly, vol.39 no. 31, 2008, pp.47-56. Kozul-Wright, R Rayment, P 2007, The resistible rise of market fundamentalism: rethinking development policy in an unbalanced world, Zed Books Ltd, London. Mahtaney, P 2007, India, China and globalization: the emerging superpowers and the future of economic development, Palgrave Macmillan, England. Panagriya, A 2008, India: the emerging giant, Oxford University Press, USA. Reserve Bank of India 2008, Annual reports for various years, . Samuelson, PA 2004, â€Å"Where Ricardo and Mill rebut and confirm arguments of mainstream economists supporting globalization†, Journal of Economic Perspectives, vol. 44 no.18, pp.135–146. Appendices Table one: The percentage sectoral composition of India and China’s GDP Table two: the percentage structure of India and China’s sectoral exports Agriculture Manufacture Merchandize Services India 2005 6.3 42.20 17.80 33.70 2000 9.20 49.90 15.30 25.70 1993 13.20 51.80 18.40 16.60 1990 13.50 48.60 20.20 17.70 1983 16.80 31.00 30.20 21.90 China 2005 3.40 83.70 7.40 8.90 1997 7.50 75.20 12.90 11.80 1990 14.70 65.40 26 8.60 1984 18.90 43 47.30 9.70 Tables 3: Distribution of labor force of India and China by sector China Year Agriculture Industry Services 1980 70 19 14 1990 61 22 20 2000 51 24 28 India Year Agriculture Industry Services 1983 87 15 17 1988 65 17 18 1993 64 20 20 2000 60 18 22 Table 4: Distribution of employment by type in china (% of total employment) Type of employment 1990 1997 2005 Self-employment 51 46 40 TVEs 11 14 19 PEIB 4 10 14 State 22 20 9 Non-state 0.2 2 5 Table 5: Distribution of employment by type in India (% of total employment Type of employment 1983 1994 2005 Self-employment 57 56 57 Casual wage employment 30 32 28 Regular wage employment 14 14 15 Formal sector employment 8 7 6 This report on The Movement of Workers from China to India was written and submitted by user Maritza Langley to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

John Jay-(Chief Justice U.S) Essays - John Jay, Free Essays

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Nursing Home Evaluation I am seeking to find a home for my 76 year old Grandfather Leroy. It is becoming increasingly difficult for him to take care of himself and no family members are available to take care of him as it is becoming a full time job. He was diagnosed with colon cancer a few years back and his disease, in conjunction with chemotherapy, has taken away his capacity to care for himself. He was also recently diagnosed with Parkinson ¡Ã‚ ¯s disease. The name of the Nursing home that I chose to evaluate is the Lakeview Nursing Center.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  This facility on the outside appears to be well maintained. It is composed of brick and is set in a good neighborhood. Upon entering the facility, the first thing I noticed was the pleasant odor that it had. I had been to nursing homes in the past and could recall how they stank mostly of urine and waste. This facility smelled fresh and clean. Cleanliness is a great attribute for a home that features 180 beds.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  This home offers care to those with Parkinson ¡Ã‚ ¯s disease, recent stroke victims, as well as Respiratory, Hospice and Respite care. Not all of the residents of this home suffer from any of these diseases, or require special care, but care is available to these particular patients should it be applicable.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The first question that I asked Nurse Egan was what she thought was the best part about working for Lakeview. She told me that one of the better things about working here is that many of the residents of this home are from or have family living in the Lincoln Park Area. Living in such close proximity to loved ones in a nursing home promotes more frequent visitation from family members. She tells me that typically the happiest residents are the ones that have the most friends and family visiting them. Frequent interaction with loved ones as well as living in a positive environment like the one at Lakeview leads to satisfied residents. When she finished giving me her answer, I decided to put what she had to say to the test. So I decided to simply walk through the corridor and see if the residents seemed happy or not.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The first room that I passed by had two older gentlemen playing chess. I knocked on the door and identified myself as a curious college student that wanted to ask them a few questions. Kenneth and John eagerly invited me in and immediately offered me something to dri... ... taken with his family and displayed for all too see.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  I have been to other nursing homes in the past and found them to be unsanitary and downright boring to be in. This nursing home is extremely clean and welcoming as far as nursing homes. While I don ¡Ã‚ ¯t think that someone would choose to live in a nursing home, if they had to, this home would prove sufficient. The impact of this assignment was greater that expected. I expected to walk into a stench-laden home with old people gathered around a television. Rather I found a clean home with older residents engaged in social situations with both the help and each other. While nobody wants to send my grandfather to a home, it is something that needs to be done. This home could adequately provide for his health care needs as well as expose him to a socially productive and enriching environment. I feel that most importantly the family must uphold their end of the bargain if they are to put a loved one in a home. They must frequently visit their resident and show them that they are missed and loved every bit as much as they were when they weren ¡Ã‚ ¯t in a home. My family will visit Grandpa as often as when he lived in his apartment.

A “Race and Color” Reading

Othello is one of the greatest tragedies by William Shakespeare. The Socio-Economic setting of the play drives us to ponder over it again and again. Othello was a Moor and had fallen head over heels in love with Desdemona and won her hands in marriage.Being unacquainted with the customs and norms of an alien culture, Othello had to suffer a lot.  Ã‚   What would have happened if Othello were not a Moor but a respected citizen of Venice?Automatically, the socio-economic equation would have changed and Othello might surely have enjoyed an enviable privilege to have a well-planned control over the whole situation. In Othello, we find a black man’s ‘sense of insecurity’, ‘puerility’, ‘eccentricity’ .Iago, the ‘artist in crime’ is a sordid opportunist of the postcolonial era, who insinuates, motivates and plans adeptly to take advantage of the characteristic weaknesses of Othello leading to irremediable frustration and despair t hat act as a stimulus in the murder of Desdemona.In Othello, we find a black man’s ‘sense of insecurity’, ‘puerility’, ‘eccentricity’ .Iago, the ‘artist in crime’ is a sordid opportunist of the postcolonial era, who insinuates, motivates and plans adeptly to take advantage of the characteristic weaknesses of Othello leading to irremediable frustration and despair that act as a stimulus in the murder of Desdemona.  Othello is the Moor white men need for their protection and well-being. Othello comes from a different socio-economic background and is employed by the tense and visibly perturbed Duke :†Valiant Othello, we must straight employ you,/Against the general enemy Ottoman.Written at a time when Negroes were being supplied to Virginia, Shakespeare’s Othello’s spirit glows with noble ancestral memories and critics like Grant White hold that only a civilized and warlike race could produce an Othello.Ot hello has a presence; he can raise the whites like Cassio to higher ranks, he can head an army, he can order two drunken men to sheath weapons, he can, if required, dismiss them for their offence and he is black and belongs to a lower socio-economic strata and after all race and social status mattered at that time.Hence the union of Othello and Desdemona is presented as the mating of animals, with the Moor as the ‘black ram’, a   practitioner of   ‘arts inhibited.’ A white Prospero can use magic openly and boldly and Shakespeare is apologetic to none but King James, while, Othello’s wooing and winning of a white woman is tantamount to the practice of ‘black magic.’Othello, after all, is an employee of the Duke and hails from a questionable background of a Moor who claims to be well-traveled but is reticent on his redoubtable socio-economic background.Can he in any way emulate the social status of Brabantio, whose daughter he marries out of love? Brabantio remembers the ‘wealthy curled darlings’ of his nation and is furious at the thought of his fair daughter against the Moor’s ‘sooty bosom’. Othello, the Moor, can hardly be accepted by the Venetian public as his skin is of black hue and he comes from an alien socio-economic status.  Othello seemed gratified as he had proved to be the right and only choice in the life of Desdemona. Till then, Othello had never been reminded of the fact that he was a Moor whom Desdemona was supposed to be afraid of. Basically, Othello was not a craven fellow, whose spirits could easily dampen on futile grounds. Othello wished not to doubt Desdemona but he never could brook the presence of any other lover in the life of Desdemona, whom he loved to the point of distraction. He blurted out at one point, â€Å"Cassio, I love the; But never more be officer of mine.†Regarding Othello, we come across a myriad points of view. Critics have labeled Othello   as a play of ‘sexual jealousy’ a play of motive and temptations ,so on, so forth. But here we see that Othello being unaware of the socio-economic picture of Venice treads the wrong path and gulps the dangerous bait. He ,like a fool, yields to Iago’s repeated insinuations. If Desdemona would have been a Moor herself , the disaster hardly would have followed.On the contrary, if Othello were not a Moor, his ‘sense of insecurity’ and ‘inferiority complex’ could not get the better of him, on the slightest provocation by Iago. Othello, even in Act III seemed ingenuous , generous easily credulous and firm in reason ,when he says, â€Å"†¦.This not to make me jealous/To say my wife is fair, feeds well,/loves company,†¦. Where virtue is, these are more virtuous.†Being a Moor, he won the love and undivided attention of Desdemona. When Iago crept in between them and strove heart and soul to malign the relationship, Ot hello lent him credulous ears. Didn’t he understand that Iago was keen on creating a rift in their unflinching alliance? Of course, in the subconscious of the protagonist, he made a dent surreptitiously and without Othello’s cognizance.Othello felt perplexed to find that even his truest and unalloyed love could not keep Desdemona ‘loyal’ to him! Was it simply because he was a Moor? Or, did Desdemona have to lose her life to Othello, only because the Black-and-White conflict caught hold of his mind unawares? We hear Othello recounting his shortcomings in a soliloquy in Act III ,Sc iii,lines-263-7: â€Å"Haply for I am black, /And have not those soft parts of conversation/†¦.She’s gone, I am abused.†His distrust lay rooted in himself ,in the society in which he feared himself ‘unaccepted’, though his love had   fully been requited, reciprocated. Why did then ‘uncertainty’ gnaw at his entrails? It was possibly be cause ,Othello could never forget the acrimonious warning of Brabantio: â€Å"Look to her, Moor, if thou hast   eyes to see:/She has deceived her father, and may thee.†

Irish Immigration Essay

Running head: IRISH IMMIGRATION IN 1850’S 1 Irish Immigration in 1850’s Dorothy Mathews Eth/125 March 7, 2010 Henry Williams IRISH IMMIGRATION IN 1850’S 2 Irish Immigration in 1850’s The line of ancestry that I came from is the Irish and English and Dutch. I am not certain about the dates, but I am pretty sure that they emigrated around the years 1850 to 1870. The Irish left the island of Ireland because of the potato famine that overtook their country. Even though undefined, Irish emigrants faced persecution from other foreigners because they were under educated and some were Irish Catholics, and also from little knowledge of what industrialization was. The greatest number of emigrants was from around 1850 through the late 1870’s. The Irish had learned to farm potatoes, because of the productivity and market prices. Towards the end of 1845 the potato crops caught a fungus which destroyed the crops in the ground and also in the storage bins. This turned them into a blackened putrid mass. (Immigration and Immigrants, 2000). By the year 1846 the entire crop was destroyed. In the interim, more than a million people died from famine and poverty. This began the greatest influx of emigrants from Ireland. After reaching the United States by sea, the Irish stayed mostly in a city environment because the majority of them knew nothing but farming and the land. They did not have the finances or the ease of buying land to farm. They stayed in the cities and most of them ended up living in the slums with some Chinese and African Americans. They could not get jobs because of their education and because they knew nothing of factories and actually living in cities. Most were used to living on farms and farming the land. IRISH IMMIGRATION IN 1850’S 3 Most of the Irish immigrants faced many prejudices and segregation. The nativists and the other immigrants were afraid of them because of their religion and beliefs. They were forced to live in slums and in poverty because they could not find jobs. The only work they could find was in servitude and menial labor jobs. They were under educated and poor. The Irish were thought to be stupid and ignorant, so they stayed to themselves. The Irish emigrants entered a land with new social and cultural differences. At this time the African Americans and Asian Americans were involved in disputes, along with the European Americans. Add to this the disruptions between the Catholics and Protestants and there was not much peace in the neighborhoods. During this time, they developed political partisanships which brought into line a group called the Know Nothing Party and later the American Protective Association (APA). Neither of these parties lasted for long, but the Irish were later associated with the new Democratic Party. Also during this time, Irish immigrant soldiers played a big part in the Civil War during the battles of Antietam, Fredericksburg, and Gettysburg (Immigration and Immigrants, 2000). Irish Americans also were involved in disturbances against the Chinese on the west coast which eventually led to Chinese American banishment from America. During this time when the Irish immigrated to America, they suffered from many discriminations, including segregation, racism, and redlining. They were stopped from buying properties, because no one wanted to sell to them. They did not want them in their neighborhoods, or shopping where they shop. They were thought to be ignorant, and beneath the mainstream of people and only good for menial positions. IRISH IMMIGRATION IN 1850’S 4 By the end of the 19th century, because of all the negativity that they had experienced by coming to America, the Irish had solidified their communities and turned back to the Church. The catholic churches in Boston, Massachusetts grew and were able to build and renovate many churches. The Irish families had learned new jobs, and between all the members of these families, they contributed to the growth of the Church in many cities. Soon the Irish American Catholics were associated with the Democratic party. In the 1880’s and the 1890’s, the Irish Americans elected quite a few officials to different positions. Although the Irish Americans were undefined when they arrived in the United States, they assimilated into the country and eventually grew into strong and eager Americans. Most of them came from poor families, but with strong visions and many strong backs, and resolution, they formed strong bonds and strong communities. They leave a long legacy of pride and ambition. Somewhere along the line they married into other groups and other races, and from these came good Americans. I am proud to be among them. In answer to your final question: I identify more with the mainstream American culture, but I celebrate St. Patrick’s Day and wear the green. I have never been to Ireland, but that is one of my fondest wishes. I am proud to be associated with the Irish in America. In my ancestry, somewhere down the line they married with someone of English descent and also someone of Dutch/German descent. This Emigration was 150 years ago, so the lineage has been mixed with a variety of races, since then. IRISH IMMIGRATION IN 1850’S 5 References Immigration and Immigrants. (2000). In Encyclopedia of the United States in the Nineteenth Century. Retrieved from http://www. credoreference. com/entry/galeus/immigration_and_ immigrants. Voters and Voting. (2000). In Encyclopedia of the United States in the Nineteenth Century. Retrieved from http://www. credoreference. com/entry/galeus/voters_and_voting.

Should Same-Sex Marriages Be Made Legal

Should Same-Sex Marriages Be Made Legal Same-Sex Marriages Should Certainly Not Be Made Legal Our Changing World Calling something marriage does not make it marriage. Marriage has always been a covenant between a man and a woman which is by its nature ordered toward the procreation and education of children and the unity and wellbeing of the spouses. The promoters of same-sex â€Å"marriage† propose something entirely different. They propose the union between two men or two women. This denies the self-evident biological, physiological, and psychological differences between men and women which find their complementarity in marriage. It also denies the specific primary purpose of marriage: the perpetuation of the human race and the raising of children. Two entirely different things cannot be considered the same thing. Something is legal if it adheres to the law, and in America when the Supreme Court passes new federal legislation, then the states have the power to incorporate it into a state law. Despite the fact, that the world itself, as well as a lot of moral principles, is changing greatly these days same-sex marriage should not be made legal. In years past, it was an issue seldom discussed, but today homosexuality is a big problem. In a Christian society, marriage could exist only between man and woman, husband and wife. But, unfortunately, things are different today. Same-sex marriages could be made legal if the people vote to legalize it. In a democratic society, the people of a state or city or county votes to pass legislation usually once a federal institution like the Supreme Court of the United States of America deems something constitutional or not. If it becomes the will of the people, of the voting-friendly, democratic republic, then it becomes legal and should be strictly enforced.  Some people state that same-sex marriage should be made legal because everyone has the right to be happy, to marry the person who completes their lives, the person of their dreams, their lover, their life partner. But its a big lie. Same-sex relationship is nothing more than a sin. Healthy Family Healthy Society Our world really needs more people who are in love, who can start a family with the person they love. That makes for a better, safer, happier world with healthy, wealthy families. For that reason, men should marry women and women should marry men. Same-sex marriages destroy healthy mentality, moral principles, and peoples lives. Traditional marriage is usually so fecund that those who would frustrate its end must do violence to nature to prevent the birth of children by using contraception. It naturally tends to create families. On the contrary, same-sex â€Å"marriage† is intrinsically sterile. If the â€Å"spouses† want a child, they must circumvent nature by costly and artificial means or employ surrogates. The natural tendency of such a union is not to create families.Therefore, we cannot call a same-sex union marriage and give it the benefits of true marriage. Therefore, same-sex marriages should not be made legal, despite the fact that there are a number of same-sex couples in the world already. The world is and will be always changing, but it doesnt mean that its for better. Bible teaches how God punished Sodom and Gomorrah for the sin of homosexuality: â€Å"The Lord rained down sulfurous fire upon Sodom and Gomorrah. He overthrew those cities and the whole Plain, together with the inhabitants of the cities and the produce of the soil.†

Free sample - Euthanasia. translation missing

Euthanasia. EuthanasiaEuthanasia is the intentional termination of life of a very sick person's life in order to relieve them of their suffering. This is usually in cases where the person has an incurable condition. There are other instances where some people want their life to be ended. In many cases, it is carried out at the person's request but there are times when they may be too ill and the decision is made by relatives, medics or, in some instances, the courts. Euthanasia is classified in three different ways. These include voluntary, non-voluntary, or involuntary. Voluntary euthanasia is also termed as assisted suicide and refers to a situation whereby a patient brings about his or her own death with the assistance of a physician. In this case, the patient consents to his or her life being terminated. Those who believe in voluntary euthanasia argue that if an individual has a tormenting illness, he may have intolerable pain that may be a burden to his life. Terminal illness also makes one to be too dependent on others especially the close relatives and friends. It is argued that a patient who has been on a life support machine for long may have voluntary wish to die. However he may not be able to commit suicide without assistance, and therefore voluntary euthanasia may be applied if the patient had expressed such a wish. Non-voluntary euthanasia is conducted where the consent of the patient is unavailable. This is implemented when a person is not in a position to decide or have his wishes known. It mostly occurs in cases where the person is in a coma, the individual is too young, senile, or has severe brain damage. If an individual is disturbed mentally to such an extent, then they should be assisted through non- voluntary euthanasia (Kaveny Murphy, 1997). Involuntary euthanasia is conducted against the willpower of the sick person. In this case a patient's life is ended without the patient's knowledge and consent. Often, the patient may be unconscious or extremely sick to depict what is going on. Voluntary, non-voluntary and involuntary euthanasia can further be categorized into passive or active variants. Passive euthanasia may involve the withdrawal of basic treatments such as the administration of antibiotics that are necessary for life continuity. For active euthanasia, poisonous substances that are lethal may be used to terminate individual’s life and hence making this the most controversial means. There are arguments about whether euthanasia is a moral issue or not. These arguments are brought out in the arguments against euthanasia which puts through the issues that life is sacred, the act devalues life, it is against the will of God, the act is against the best interests of the person, it can be abused due to pressure from other interested parties, improved palliative care can be a solution to the suffering of the patient, if unregulated doctors may use it as a loophole not to be committed in their noble duty to care for patients. Arguments against euthanasia have been supported by current practical arguments which states that:  · Proper application of painkilling measures may render euthanasia useless.  · There's no way of properly regulating euthanasia  · Allowing euthanasia will lead to less good care for the terminally ill  · Allowing euthanasia undermines the commitment of doctors and nurses to saving lives  · Euthanasia may become a cost-effective way to treat the terminally ill  · Allowing euthanasia will discourage the search for new cures and treatments for the terminally ill  · Euthanasia undermines the motivation to provide good care for the dying, and good pain relief  · Euthanasia gives too much power to doctors  · Euthanasia exposes vulnerable people to pressure to end their lives  · Moral pressure on elderly relatives by selfish families  · Moral pressure to free up medical resources   Patients who are abandoned by their families may feel euthanasia is the only solution (Kaveny Murphy, 1997). There are also ethical arguments about euthanasia. some of the ethical arguments states that euthanasia weakens society's respect for the sanctity of life, accepting euthanasia accepts that some lives (those of the disabled or sick) are worth less than others, voluntary euthanasia is the start of a slippery slope that leads to involuntary euthanasia and the killing of people who are thought as undesirable, euthanasia might not be in a person's best interests, euthanasia affects other people's rights, not just those of the patient (Moreno, 1995). On the contrary arguments for and against euthanasia seem to be superseded by the principle of double effect. The principle of double effect; also commonly referred to as double-effect reasoning, involves ethical criteria for analyzing the permissibility of acting on behalf of the patient. For instance, terminating a patient’s pain will lead to an effect of death, which should be avoided under normal circumstances. However, for this principle to hold there are certain things which must be in place. The criteria mention that an action may be justifiable when the harmful effects cannot be separated from good effects. The nature of the act should however meet the basic moral ethics and harm should be minimized. In the society today euthanasia is also met with negative reception in the religious perspective of life. Religious people don't argue that we can't kill ourselves, or get others to do it. They know that we can do it because God has given us free will. Their argument is that it would be wrong for us to do so. They believe that every human being is the creation of God, and that this imposes certain limits on us. Our lives are not only our lives for us to do with as we see fit. To kill ourselves, or to get someone else to do it for us, is to deny God, and to deny God's rights over our lives and his right to choose the length of our lives and the way our lives end. Religious people in the soci ety may at times discredit euthanasia due to the belief that human beings are bound to suffer, as it brings them closer to God. Other arguments against euthanasia state that we need to demystify the myths and stigma associated with terminal illness by helping the patient and their relatives to cope and face the inevitable challenges (Panzer, 2000). This will help in adjusting to the sad scenario that is experienced upon the diagnosis of a terminal illness. It is important to encourage the patient to remain hopeful of the eventual healing. Talking to loved ones about ones illness will help interact freely with those who care about you. It is important to learn about the physical effects of the illness and control the symptoms in order to reduce pain, with loss of appetite and fatigue. In the American society today euthanasia has been met with morals, values and religious undertones. As a national Policy euthanasia is not supported in America. America as a nation stands firmly on the line of morality and societal values. However, there some states in America which have legalized euthanasia. The argument for making euthanasia legal is that the individual's freedom entails liberty or choice in all matters as long as the rights of any other person are not infringed upon. In the contrary, the argument that does not support the legalizing of euthanasia is that it negates the value of human life. It therefore follows that euthanasia may be abused by people who have wrong criminal intentions. A financial motive is sometimes advanced in favor of euthanasia (Keelan, 2006). It is quite expensive to maintain terminally ill persons and this may amount to wastage of resources when such patients succumb to their suffering in the long run. It costs money from the family of the government to keep terminally sick people on life support which will be wasted resources if they eventually die. These arguments informed the passing legal framework in three states of America, Washington, Oregon and Montana. However, looking at the national level public opinion on euthanasia is purely informed by religious affiliations and culture. In Christian perspective the church and especially the catholic and the Anglican Church euthanasia is not advocated for. According to the catholic catechism an act that is administered to reduce pain by causing death goes against the human dignity and it is disrespect to God. The error of judgment into which one can fall in good faith does not change the nature of this murderous act, which must always be forbidden and excluded (Murray, 2005).   However, the Lutheran church in November 9, 1992 adopted the famous "End of life decisions'' which seem to support euthanasia as a way of relieving those with severe suffering out of terminal illness. This included several decisions just to quote but one: When medical judgment determines that artificially-administered nutrition and hydration will not contribute to an improvement in the patient's underlying condition or prevent death from that condition, patients or their legal spokespersons may consider them unduly burdensome treatment. In these circumstances it may be morally responsible to withhold or withdraw them and allow death to occur (Benoway, 1992). The Orthodox Church firmly does not support euthanasia as it is perceived as committing murder by the people involved. This act is therefore sinful in nature (Perrett, 1996). Islam and Buddhism also respects the sanctity of life and therefore euthanasia is firmly prohibited and is seen as a violation of God's work and interfering with human kind. Euthanasia has since time immemorial attracted serious legal battles. In Montana in the United States of America a lawsuit was brought against the local government to allow euthanasia. This land mark judgment gave way for competent terminally ill patients to make decisions about when to take their lives. On December 5, 2008, state District Court judge Dorothy McCarter ruled in favor of a terminally ill Billings resident who had filed a lawsuit with the assistance of Compassion Choices, a patient rights group. The ruling illustrates that competent, terminally ill patients have the right to self-administer fatal doses of medication to as prescribed by a physician (Kaveny Murphy, 1997). Physicians who prescribe such medications have not broken any legal law to prompt their punishment. Recommendation Euthanasia is an act which continues to elicit reactions from the world over and this comes from mainly religious affiliation and culture. On one hand this research has found out that ethical arguments which points out that if supported it can lead to undesirable execution of people, it can also erode the professionalism of medical personnel who should be committed to offering care to patients. On the other hand this research points out that even practical arguments against euthanasia clearly shows that proper measure for pain reduction makes euthanasia unnecessary. Since there are no proper measures for the regulation of euthanasia, it is almost impossible to justify the reason of applying it regardless of the situation. References    Appel, J. (2004). "A Duty to Kill? A Duty to Die? Rethinking the Euthanasia Controversy of 1906". Bulletin of the History of Medicine, Volume 78, Number 3, pp. 610–634.   Benoway, E. (1992). End of Life Decisions. Journal of Lutheran Ethics. Vol. 602 (54), 25-33. Colabawalla, B. (2008). Understanding voluntary euthanasia: a personal perspective. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Kaveny, C., Murphy, J. (1997). "Assisted Suicide, Euthanasia, and the Law.† Theological Studies. Vol. 45(23), 34-35. Keelan, N. (2006). The euthanasia debate. The University Standard. Vol. 12 (814), 54-60. Kevorkian, D. (2007). Euthanasia: the wrong way. The New York times. Vol.102; 231, 78-81. Moreno, J. (1995). Arguing Euthanasia. London: Simon Schuster Murray, D. (2005). "Archbishop says Church cannot back euthanasia." Times Online. Vol. 92 (27), 42-50. Panzer, P. (2000). Hospice patients alliance. Princeton: Princeton University Press. Perrett, R. (1996). "Buddhism, euthanasia and the sanctity of life". J Med Ethics. 22 (5): 309–13.

Ethics-----Assisted Suicide Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Ethics-----Assisted Suicide - Essay Example Thus, the concept of assisted suicide when done with the purpose of hastening the inevitable where disease has already prepared the body for death should become a part of a the standard for care that is given to individuals who wish to avoid the pain of disease, the loss of mental facilities when dying, or to avoid the expense of an unnecessarily prolonged extension of a life that is already lost. The word suicide is defined as â€Å"the act of killing yourself† (Jeffers & Smith, 2007, p. 81). While this is a simple definition, it lacks the appropriate level of nuance in order to fully define the full reference to everything that it implies. Suicide is the act of taking one’s own life, but it is also an act that brings with it a series of cultural images that imply sin, socially adverse action, and culturally shameful action. In Western cultures, taking one’s own life is generally considered a sin and in the United States, it is an illegal act that has criminal consequences. This can be seen in the way that Cleave (2001) reflects her definition of suicide when she states that it is â€Å"the act of killing yourself, often while mentally unstable† (p, 146). This also becomes a part of the discussion in that it is assumed that in taking one’s life it is done under the influence of mental instability. Other terminology that can be used to describe the event of taking one’s life when placed in the position of having a disease that is going to take one’s life is to call the event voluntary euthanasia. This becomes a less volatile terminology that can be discussed on terms that do not suggest sin, mental instability, and can call into question policies of illegality. A definition of voluntary euthanasia is that it â€Å"takes place when a patient who is dying or who is in intolerable pain asks someone to help him or her to die to avoid any further suffering† (Cleave,